Exploring the genetic basis of violence: The impact of Y and X chromosomes; Explorando las bases genéticas de la violencia: el impacto de los cromosomas X y Y
https://url-shortener.me/8423 Violence is a pressing global concern, causing more than 475 000 deaths annually and disproportionately affecting women and children. While environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors contribute to violent behavior, this article focuses on the genetic aspect, particularly the roles of the X and Y chromosomes. The monoamino oxidase A () gene influences neurotransmitter catabolism and is located on the X chromosome. Polymorphisms, such as tandem repeat variants associated with low transcriptional activity, have been linked to aggression, particularly in men, as X chromosome inactivation complicates studies in women. Other variants, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms, have also been associated with violent behavior. Additionally, individuals with fragile X syndrome often exhibit increased aggression patterns. The Y chromosome’s sex-determining region Y gene () plays a pivotal role in male sexual development and behavior. Besides directing testicular formation, is expressed in other tissues, influencing violence by modulating catecholamine release and inhibiting the monoamio oxidasa A. Evolutionary hypotheses suggest that may have adapted to promote male aggression for survival. Despite evidence linking the X and Y chromosomes to violence, conflicting findings highlight the need for further research to fully understand their roles in aggressive behavior. This article focuses on the genetic component, specifically analyzing the bibliographic evidence associating Y and X chromosome genetics to violent behavior. https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2025.06.3047
Obtaining the Skeleton of an Andean White-Eared Opossum (Didelphis pernigra) Using a Modified Osteotechnics Protocol from the Animal Anatomy Laboratory at Universidad Central del Ecuador
https://url-shortener.me/841P Osteotechnics methods allow for the preparation and preservation of bone specimens free of organic material residues. These methods consist of a combination of natural, chemical, and/or physical processes, enabling the creation of realistic skeletons for educational and exhibition purposes. The Animal Anatomy Laboratory at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Central University of Ecuador received a donated white-eared Andean opossum (Didelphis pernigra), an omnivorous marsupial widely distributed in the Andean region and often targeted due to a lack of understanding of its ecological role. This study presents modifications made to the standard osteotechnicsprotocol to preserve bone morphology as close as possible to its natural state. After dividing the specimen into four parts — skull, limbs, rib-sternum complex, and vertebral column — the first modification was implemented by cooking the parts in a 10 % sodium chloride solution for four hours instead of using calcium oxide. The bones were removed every 15 minutes to manually remove residual soft tissue. For whitening, hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased from 10 % to 30 %. The bones were then rinsed with water and sun-dried for four days. Since the connective tissue between the joints of the spine, hands, and feet was preserved, assembling the skeleton required only joining the four main sections using wire and silicone, avoiding the need for cyanoacrylate adhesive combined with sodium bicarbonate. These three modifications yielded a skeleton comprising 220 bones with a natural coloration and maintained connective tissue between small joints. The specimen was suspended from a wooden frame to facilitate mobility and display during veterinary and environmental educational activities. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022025000300823
Late complication due to rhinoplasty with non-absorbable tension threads: A case report
https://url-shortener.me/840Y Introduction: Rhinomodeling is a minimally invasive aesthetic procedure that offers quick recovery and lower costs compared to surgical rhinoplasty. However, the use of non-absorbable tension threads can lead to late complications requiring surgical intervention. Case presentation: A 27-year-old female patient underwent rhinomodeling with non-absorbable tension threads ten years ago. She presented with nasal asymmetry, respiratory difficulty, and a foreign body sensation in the left nasal cavity. Clinical examination revealed left-sided laterorhinia, asymmetric nasal cavities, and a protruding tension thread. An open rhinoseptoplasty was performed, revealing thread extrusion, granuloma formation, and partial rupture of the right alar cartilage. The thread was removed, and structural correction was performed with septoplasty and cartilage grafting. Discussion: Unlike absorbable threads, which degrade within months, non-absorbable threads can cause late complications requiring surgical removal. Conclusion: This case highlights a late complication of rhinomodeling, previously described but underreported, requiring surgical intervention ten years later. Open rhinoseptoplasty successfully restored nasal function and aesthetics, emphasizing the importance of long-term follow-up and professional expertise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2025.111465
On propagation analysis of flexural waves in functionally graded poroelastic biocomposite higher-order beams
https://url-shortener.me/840G The present work uses higher-order shear deformation theory to investigate the propagation behavior of a functionally graded poroelastic biocomposite (FGPB) beam placed on an elastic medium. Titanium-hydroxyapatite and gold-hydroxyapatite alloy were used as ingredients for two biocomposites. It is assumed that the structure is supported by an elastic medium. An improved power-law homogenization scheme that calculates porosity is used to compute the effective material characteristics of the FGPB beam. The result showed that the wave number, porosity coefficients, and Winkler–Pasternak parameters have an increasing role in the wave frequency and phase speed of both biocomposites. The power index also presented different behaviors in two biocomposites. Emphasizing the theoretical analysis, the current study shows how the change in the distribution patterns of the elastic medium and the amount of porosity can affect the performance and efficiency of biocomposites. These findings can be effective in designing and optimizing biocomposite materials with desirable mechanical properties and various applications in bioengineering and composite materials. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-025-04362-1
Mycelial vigor, growth, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Lentinula edodes produced from agroindustrial residues and their anaerobic digestates
https://url-shortener.me/840G In some Latin American countries, agro-industrial wastes (AIW) are put aside in significant quantities, as it is treated as common garbage without a specific management plan. A viable alternative would be to use AIW as substrates for further valorization processes. In this research, it was proposed to cultivate Lentinula edodes, in substrates prepared from mixtures of AIW such as cocoa husk, coconut shell, sugar cane bagasse and rice husk. In addition, the digestate derived from the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of these AIW was also evaluated to cultivate this fungus. The mycelial vigor of Lentinula edodes was evaluated during in vitro cultivation, seed production and cultivation at the substrate level prepared from AIW. Physical characteristics, growth and physicochemical analysis of the cultivated fungus and a sensory analysis of basidiomas were performed. The highest mycelial vigor was obtained in PDA culture medium, at pH 7.0, AIW extract, incubation at 20 °C and spore inoculum in liquid consistency. Anaerobic digestate produced basidiomas with higher pH, protein, mineral and moisture content (6.7 ± 0.1; 20.7 ± 0.1 %; 4.5 ± 0.3 %; 86.9 ± 0.6 %, respectively), when compared to the trial without anaerobic digestate. The mushrooms produced showed a moderate difference in flavour compared to commercial mushrooms. It is concluded that Lentinula edodes developed very well in the mixture of the aforementioned AIW with a high nutritional and sensorial value. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103637
Characterization of a variant in the KCNH2 gene in an Ecuadorian patient with long QT syndrome: A case report; Caracterización de una variante en el gen KCNH2 en un paciente ecuatoriano con síndrome de QT largo: reporte de caso
https://url-shortener.me/83ZF Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition frequently associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunctions such as insulin resistance (IR). Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may influence both metabolic and neurological processes through the gut–brain–metabolic axis. This review explores the molecular mechanisms linking dysbiosis, IR, and ASD, focusing on pathways such as TLR/NF-κB activation, PI3K/Akt/mTOR disruption, and the action of microbial metabolites, like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We discuss how dysbiosis may contribute to increased intestinal permeability, systemic inflammation, and neuroimmune activation, ultimately affecting brain development and behavior. Common microbial alterations in ASD and IR—including increased Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, and Alistipes, and reduced Bifidobacterium and butyrate-producing genera—suggest a shared pathophysiology. We also highlight potential therapeutic strategies, such as microbiota modulation, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment, and dietary interventions. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms may support the development of microbiota-targeted approaches for individuals with ASD metabolic comorbidities. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136537